Research article    |    Open Access
Innovational Research in ELT 2025, Vol. 6(2) 70-86

Exploring Distance Education Possibilities in English Language Teacher Education Programs

Evrim Eveyik-Aydın, Zeynep Çamlıbel-Acar

pp. 70 - 86

Publish Date: December 24, 2025  |   Single/Total View: 6/6   |   Single/Total Download: 11/12


Abstract

Distance education (DE) emerged as an alternative within teacher education programs worldwide due to mandatory school closures during the recent pandemic. The question of whether it can be a strong mode of instruction for educational institutions and teacher training, however, remains open. There is a lack of research addressing which courses are best suited for online delivery and which are more appropriate for face-to-face instruction. The present study aims to fill this gap by examining pre-service English teachers’ views, informed by their experiences during two semesters of mandatory online education and addressed the following research question: Which courses in the ELT program do pre-service English teachers perceive as more suitable for distance education, and what are the observed trends across different years of study? The study employed a descriptive cross-sectional survey design conducted within an English language teacher education program at the Faculty of Education of a state university in Istanbul. Participants in their second, third, and fourth years were asked to review a list of 100 courses and indicate those they would prefer to take online. Frequency analyses showed that the pre-service teachers did not exhibit a strong preference for DE mode within the program. The most favored course for online delivery was selected by fewer than 39% of participants. Moreover, courses considered as having greater potential for DE tended to belong to the General Cultural Knowledge and Vocational Content Knowledge modules rather than the Field Knowledge module and compulsory courses in general. Preferences based on years of study are also reported. The findings suggest various implications to provide guidance for teacher education programs and curriculum designers in making informed decisions about the integration and optimization of online education.

Keywords: ELT curriculum, distance teacher education, field knowledge ccourses, general cultural knowledge courses, vocatioal content knowledge courses


How to Cite this Article?

APA 7th edition
Eveyik-Aydin, E., & Camlibel-Acar, Z. (2025). Exploring Distance Education Possibilities in English Language Teacher Education Programs. Innovational Research in ELT, 6(2), 70-86.

Harvard
Eveyik-Aydin, E. and Camlibel-Acar, Z. (2025). Exploring Distance Education Possibilities in English Language Teacher Education Programs. Innovational Research in ELT, 6(2), pp. 70-86.

Chicago 16th edition
Eveyik-Aydin, Evrim and Zeynep Camlibel-Acar (2025). "Exploring Distance Education Possibilities in English Language Teacher Education Programs". Innovational Research in ELT 6 (2):70-86.

References

    References

    Akkoyunlu, B., & Soylu, M. Y. (2008). A study of student's perceptions in a blended learning environment based on different learning styles. Journal of Educational Technology & Society, 11(1), 183-193.

    Atmaca, Ç. (2023). “Thinking about drinking tea but not drinking tea”: Pre-service English teacher education during the COVID-19 pandemic in Turkish EFL context. E-Learning and Digital Media, 20(3), 207-223. https://doi.org/10.1177/20427530231155722

    Çamlıbel-Acar, Z. & Eveyik-Aydın, E. (2022). Perspectives of EFL teacher trainers and pre-service teachers on continued mandatory distance education during the pandemic. Teaching and Teacher Education, 112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2022.103635

    Baker, J. S. (2021). Poetry and possible selves: Crisis theory with/in teacher education programs. Teaching and Teacher Education, 105, 103393. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2021.103393

    Baris, Y., & Hasan, A. (2019). Teacher Education in China, Japan and Turkey. Educational Research and Reviews, 14(2), 51-55. https://doi.org/10.5897/ERR2018.3661

    Bishop, J., & Verleger, M. (2013, October). Testing the flipped classroom with model-eliciting activities and video lectures in a mid-level undergraduate engineering course. In 2013 IEEE Frontiers in Education Conference (FIE) (pp. 161-163). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/FIE.2013.6684807

    Boyko, M., Turko, O., Dluhopolskyi, O. & Henseruk, H. (2021). The quality of training future teachers during the COVID-19 pandemic: A case from TNPU.Education Sciences,11, 660. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci11110660

    Carrillo, C., & Flores, M. A. (2020). COVID-19 and teacher education: A literature review of online teaching and learning practices. European Journal of Teacher Education, 43(4), 466-487. https://doi.org/10.1080/02619768.2020.1821184

    Castro, M. D. B., & Tumibay, G. M. (2021). A literature review: efficacy of online learning courses for higher education institution using meta-analysis. Education and Information Technologies, 26(2), 1367-1385. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-019-10027-z

    Chisholm, J., Olinger, A., & Hruby, A. H. (2019). “I didn’t want to make them feel wrong in any way”: Preservice teachers craft digital feedback on sociopolitical perspectives in student texts. Contemporary Issues in Technology and Teacher Education, 19(4), 605-639.

    Cochran-Smith, M. (2004). The problem of teacher education. Journal of Teacher Education, 55(4), 295-299. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022487104268057

    Coşkun, A., & Daloğlu, A. (2010). Evaluating an English language teacher education program through Peacock's model. Australian Journal of Teacher Education (Online), 35(6), 24-42. https://doi.org/10.14221/ajte.2010v35n6.2

    Creswell, J. W. (2015). Educational research: Planning, conducting, and evaluating quantitative and qualitative research. Pearson.

    Cubukcu, F. (2021). Practices and perspectives of teacher trainees upon online language education programme. Revista Ibero-Americana de Estudos em Educação, 246-257.

    Darling-Hammond, L. (2006). Constructing 21st-century teacher education. Journal of Teacher Education, 57(3), 300-314. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022487105285962

    Demir, Y. (2015). All or nothing: English as a foreign language (EFL) student teachers’ and teacher trainers’ reflections on a pre-service English teacher education program in Turkey. The Anthropologist, 19(1), 157-165. https://doi.org/10.1080/09720073.2015.11891650

    Dyment, J. E., & Downing, J. J. (2020). Online initial teacher education: A systematic review of the literature. Asia-Pacific Journal of Teacher Education, 48(3), 316-333. https://doi.org/10.1080/1359866X.2019.1631254

    El-Deghaidy, H. & Nouby, A. (2008). Effectiveness of a blended e-learning cooperative approach in an Egyptian teacher education programme. Computers & Education, 51(3), 988-1006. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2007.10.001

    Faulk, N. T., & King, D. (2013). Teacher perceptions regarding online teacher education. Review of Higher Education & Self-Learning, 6(18).

    Gao, Y., & Cui, Y. (2024). English as a foreign language teachers’ pedagogical beliefs about teacher roles and their agentic actions amid and after COVID-19: A case study. Relc Journal, 55(1), 111-127. https://doi.org/10.1177/00336882221074110

    Gherheş, V., Stoian, C. E., Farcasiu, M. A. & Stanici, M. (2021). E-learning vs. face-to-face learning: Analyzing students’ preferences and behaviors. Sustainability, 13, 4381. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13084381

    Hurlbut, A. R. (2018). Online vs. traditional learning in teacher education: a comparison of student progress. American Journal of Distance Education, 32(4), 248-266. https://doi.org/10.1080/08923647.2018.1509265

    Johannsdottir, T. (2016). Responsive practices in online teacher education. In Teacher Education: Concepts, Methodologies, Tools, and Applications (pp. 1331-1348). IGI Global.

    Karafil, B., & İlbay, Ö. U. (2024). EFL instructors’ satisfaction with teaching English online at tertiary level. Participatory Educational Research, 11(2), 76-96. https://doi.org/10.17275/per.24.20.11.2

    Karimi, F., Alamdari E. F., Ahmadian, M. (2021). Giving voice to the voiceless: probing current issues for student teachers in EFL teacher education program in Iran. Journal of Language and Education, 7(2), 140-154. https://doi.org/10.17323/jle.2021.11113

    Koşar, G. (2022). A scrutiny of preservice English teachers’ lived a/synchronous distance education experiences: Can distance education not replace face-to-face education in preservice English language teacher education? Journal of Education, 202(1), 103-112. https://doi.org/10.1177/00220574211032322

    Köksal, D., & Ulum, Ö. G. (2018). The state of EFL teacher education in Turkey: From past to present. ELT Research Journal, 7(4), 161-174.

    Kurubacak, G. (2000). Online learning: A study of students' attitudes towards web-based instruction (WBI) (Doctoral dissertation, University of Cincinnati).

    Lee, Y. J. (2022). Getting ready for teaching in the pandemic era: Action research on integrating ICT course with training and online teaching practice. English Teaching, 77(3), 103-131. https://doi.org/10.15858/engtea.77.3.202209.103

    Luz, E. B. P. (2018). Pre-service language teacher training for distance education. Texto Livre, 11(3), 26-39. https://doi.org/10.17851/1983-3652.11.3.26-39

    Means, B., Toyama, Y., Murphy, R., & Baki, M. (2013). The effectiveness of online and blended learning: A meta-analysis of the empirical literature. Teachers College Record, 115(3), 1-47. https://doi.org/10.1177/016146811311500307

    Mirici, I. H., Günes, H., Yetkin, R., Yildirim-Altinok, F. B., Ekin, S., Ataberk, B., Sayın, I. & Yilmaz, S. (2022). A case study of the needs analysis for an ELT department curriculum in Türkiye. International Journal of Curriculum and Instruction, 14(3), 1846-1879.

    Mphahlele, R., & Jikpamu, B. T. (2021). Re-imagining pedagogy for early childhood education pre-service curriculum in the face of the COVID 19 pandemic. Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies in Education, 10(1), 118-138.

    Nabi Ranjbari, M., Heidari Tabrizi, H., & Afghari, A. (2020). Evaluation of the latest pre-service teacher education curriculum in EFL context: A testimony of teachers, teacher educators and student teachers' perspectives. Applied Research on English Language, 9(1), 1-24.

    Narh-Kert, M. (2021). Pre-service teachers’ evaluation of teaching and learning of core courses in regular and distance education programmes in Ghanaian colleges of education. Open Journal of Social Sciences, 9, 499-509. https://doi.org/10.4236/jss.2021.99036

    Neuhauser, C. (2002). Learning style and effectiveness of online and face-to-face instruction. The American Journal of Distance Education, 16(2), 99-113. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15389286AJDE1602_4

    Okumuş, A., & Daloğlu, A. (2024). A programme evaluation study: The case of English language teaching programme. Abant İzzet Baysal Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 24(1), 187-216. https://doi.org/10.17240/aibuefd.2024..-1327223

    Ortiz-García, W. R. and López-Urbina, J. P. (2024). Realities that English pre-service teachers encounter when conducting research in a distance Bachelor’s program. Colombian Applied Linguistics Journal, 26(1), 33-46. https://doi.org/10.14483/22487085.20410

    Önal, A. (2022). How satisfactory is distance education for pre-service English language teachers? Journal of Language Research (JLR), 6(1), 16-33. https://doi.org/10.51726/jlr.1160331

    Paechter, M., & Maier, B. (2010). Online or face-to-face? Students' experiences and preferences in e-learning. The Internet and Higher Education, 13(4), 292-297. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iheduc.2010.09.004

    Park, E. & Yi, Y. (2022). Preservice teachers’ envisioning of ELT in the post-pandemic era: An exploratory study of Korean EFL teachers. Teaching English as a Second Language Electronic Journal (TESL-EJ), 26(1). https://doi.org/10.55593/ej.26101a9

    Seferoğlu, G. (2006). Teacher candidates' reflections on some components of a pre‐ service English teacher education programme in Turkiye. Journal of Education for Teaching, 32(4), 369-378. https://doi.org/10.1080/02607470600981953

    Sivakumar, P. (2019, August). Effectiveness of blended learning in teacher education programme through distance mode. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Distance Learning, Research, and Innovation for a Digital Society (pp. 151-159).

    Smidt, E., Bunk, J., McGrory, B., Li, R., & Gatenby, T. (2014). Student attitudes about distance education: Focusing on context and effective practices. IAFOR Journal of Education, 2(1), 40-64.

    Stricklin, K. & Tingle, B. (2016). Using online education to transition teaching assistants to teacher certification: Examining the differences between teacher education programs. American Journal of Distance Education, 30(3), 192-202.

    Sunggingwati, D., Anggriyani, D., & Susilo, S. (2023). “The show must go on”: Lessons learned from English pre-service teachers in an online teaching practicum during Covid-19 Pandemic in Indonesia. Kasetsart Journal of Social Sciences, 44(1), 141-146.

    Sürüç-Şen, N., & İpek, H. (2020). Perceptions on an EFL teacher education program: Voices from teacher candidates. Language Teaching and Educational Research (LATER), 3(1), 136-148. https://doi.org/10.35207/later.643694

    Szabo, Z. & Schwartz, J. (2011). Learning methods for teacher education: The use of online discussions to improve critical thinking. Technology, Pedagogy and Education, 20(1), 79-94. https://doi.org/10.1080/1475939X.2010.534866

    Thompson, N. L., Miller, N. C., & Franz, D. P. (2013). Comparing online and face-to-face learning experiences for nontraditional students: A case study of three online teacher education candidates. Quarterly Review of Distance Education, 14(4), 233. https://doi.org/10.52634/mier/2017/v7/i2/1415

    Türegün-Çoban, B. & Kuyumcu-Vardar, A. (2021). Evaluation of distance English language teaching education during COVID-19 pandemic from the perspectives of ELT student teachers and their instructors. Journal of Pedagogical Research, 5(3), 198-220. https://doi.org/10.33902/JPR.2021371746

    Valeeva, R., & Kalimullin, A. (2021). Adapting or changing: The covid-19 pandemic and teacher education in Russia. Education Sciences, 11(8), 408. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci11080408

    Williamson, A. M., Mears, A., & Bustos, C. (2015). Reflection tools in teacher education classes: An analysis of implementation in online, hybrid, and traditional environments. Turkish Online Journal of Educational Technology-TOJET, 14(2), 138-143.

    Yang, M., Mak, P., & Yuan, R. (2021). Feedback experience of online learning during the COVID-19 pandemic: Voices from pre-service English language teachers. The Asia-Pacific Education Researcher, 30(6), 611-620. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40299-021-00618-1

    Zhao, Y., & Watterston, J. (2021). The changes we need: Education post COVID-19. Journal of Educational Change, 22(1), 3-12. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10833-021-09417-3